Human ecology
Biology
Ecology

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Mutual Aid Amongst Birds

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• 1. Competition is greatest between individuals of the same species as they are direct competitors for food and mates. (Darwin)
• 2. Individuals of the same species will co-operate in ecosystems where are faced with common problems. (Kropotkin)

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Links at this site...

• Kropotkin, P. (1902) "Mutual aid: a factor of evolution", William Heinemann, London.
• Darwin, C. (1859:1878) "The Origin of Species: by means of natural selection. sixth ed."

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Links to other sites...

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Created 12/4/04